Friday, October 31, 2014

Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis


Summary: Doug's bearded dragon in Elementary episode Enough Nemesis To Go Around Oct. 30, 2014, matches central-inland bearded dragon natural history illustrations.


An unidentified species of bearded dragon (Pogona spp.) appears in Enough Nemesis To Go Around, season 3 episode 1 of CBS Television Studio's Elementary series, not as a clue but as a romance starter for Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and her neighbor's brother, Andrew Mittal (Raza Jaffrey); bearded dragon in school science lab, Nov. 15, 2017: Ssfadia, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Bearded dragons appear light-colored in darkness and appreciate hotter habitats in bearded dragon natural history illustrations and in the Columbia Broadcasting System series episode Enough Nemesis To Go Around Oct. 30, 2014.
Director John Polson, writers Robert Doherty, Craig Sweeny and Jeffrey Paul King bring Joan Watson (Lucy Liu), Andrew Mittal (Raza Jaffrey) and a bearded dragon together. Joan catches Andrew's brother Doug's dragon in the utility room across from 6D and alongside 6A because "the pipes are warm and reptiles like warm places." Scientists describe central-inland, eastern, Kimberley, northwest, nullarbor, Rankin's black-soil dumpy dwarf, western and western dwarf bearded dragons, with the first- and sixth-designated dominating among captive-bred pets.
Doug perhaps elected a central-inland bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps (bearded [throat] striped head), explicated by Christoph Gustav Ernst Ahl (Sep. 1, 1898-Feb. 14, 1945) in 1927.

Up to nine clutches of up to 24 oblong, 0.91- to 1.14-inch (23- to 29-millimeter) by 0.67- to 0.71-inch (17- to 18-millimeter) eggs fit into burrows.
White eggs, glowingly soft pink from growing embryonic blood vessels, when sunlit, get 50 to 70 days at 84 degrees Fahrenheit (28.88 degrees Celsius) to incubate. Four-inch- (10.16-centimeter-) long, 0.07- to 0.11-ounce (2- to 3-gram) central-inland bearded dragons have two to three days to hatch, after incubation halts, between October and June. Itineraries include inclining on sunlit branches and rocks, ingesting insects and inhabiting burrows within three days and initiating breeding as 12-inch- (30.48-centimeter-) long one- to two-year-olds.
Central-inland bearded dragon natural history illustrations juggle broad, flat, fleshy tongues, broad, triangular heads, scale-fringed flanks, scale-fringed, size-shifting neck pouches and short tails with scaly bases.

Adult females and males know narrow versus wide heads and tail bases, small versus large femoral (thigh) pores and submissive arm-waving versus dominant beard-displaying, mouth-opening behaviors.
Adults like daily humidity at 30 to 40 percent and yearly rainfall at 23.62 to 62.99 inches (600 to 1,600 millimeters) up to 984.25-foot (300-meter) altitudes. They maintain body temperatures at 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) and manage ambient temperatures between 53.6 and 95-plus degrees Fahrenheit (12 and 35-plus degrees Celsius). They need flowers, fruits, invertebrates, leaves and small vertebrates in arid scrublands, dry open woodlands and rocky deserts with shaded retreats, sunny perches and underground burrows.
Central-inland bearded dragon natural history illustrations offer, on reduced scales, brown, orange, red, white or yellow, 6.5- to 12-inch (16.51- to 30.48-centimeter) bodies with same-length tails.

Adults peak at 10- to 18-ounce (283.49- to 510.29-gram) weights and possess adhesive-tipped tongues, depth-poor, full-colored vision, ear-holes, photosensitive organs, smell-detecting, taste-sensing palates and vibration-sensitive undersides.
Central-inland bearded dragons queue up hissing fearfully and, as females, bowing, limb-waving and head-bobbing submissively and head-bobbing stressfully and, as males, beard-blackening, beard-inflating and head-bobbing aggressively. They reveal sociable behaviors around productive feeding sites and secure basking sites on bush, shrub, tree and vine branches, flat rocks, hollow logs and sand dunes. They survive healthy, inactive winter torpor at 75 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit (23.88 to 26.66 degrees Celsius) daily and 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15.55 degrees Celsius) nightly.
Bearded dragon natural history illustrations travel where their owners take them whereas Doug's bearded dragon treks back and forth between dark, hot pipes and sunny windows.

A bearded dragon, lost by Andrew Mittal (Raza Jaffrey) and found in a utility closet by Joan Watson (Lucy Liu), opens the door to romance in Watson's life in Enough Nemesis To Go Around (Elementary tv series season 3 episode 1): Elementary @ElementaryCBS via Facebook Oct. 30, 2014

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
An unidentified species of bearded dragon (Pogona spp.) appears in Enough Nemesis To Go Around, season 3 episode 1 of CBS Television Studio's Elementary series, not as a clue but as a romance starter for Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and her neighbor's brother, Andrew Mittal (Raza Jaffrey); bearded dragon in school science lab, Nov. 15, 2017: Ssfadia, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bearded_Dragon_Lizard.jpg
A bearded dragon, lost by Andrew Mittal (Raza Jaffrey) and found in a utility closet by Joan Watson (Lucy Liu), opens the door to romance in Watson's life in Enough Nemesis To Go Around (Elementary tv series season 3 episode 1): Elementary @ElementaryCBS via Facebook Oct. 30, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/378768762248241/

For further information:
Ahl, E. 1926. Neue Eidechsen und Amphibien. Zoologischer Anzeiger 67: 186-192.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newsnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1661?msg=welcome_stranger
Elementary @ElementaryCBS. 30 October 2014. "The wait is almost over... #Elementary returns TONIGHT 10/9c." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/378768762248241/
"Enough Nemesis To Go Around." Elementary: The Third Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 30, 2014.
Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html



Wednesday, October 29, 2014

Félicette, Earth’s Only Astrocat, Flew to Space and Back Oct. 18, 1963


Summary: Félicette, Earth’s only astrocat, flew to space and back Oct. 18, 1963, in France’s animal-in-space program.


CERMA’s (Centre d’Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecin Aéronautique) official photo of Félicette, Earth's only astrocat, is captioned: “Merci pour votre participation à mon succès du 18 Octobre 1963 (Thank you for your participation in my success on October 18, 1963): Tauriq Moosa ‏@tauriqmoosa via Twitter April 4, 2014

Félicette, Earth’s only astrocat, flew to space and back Oct. 18, 1963, in France’s biological spaceflight program.
Félicette’s spaceflight took place at the Blandine launch site in France’s CIEES (Centre Interarmées d’Essais d’Engins Spéciaux; Interarmy Special Vehicles Test Centre) launch and ballistic missile testing complex near the northwestern Algerian village of Hammaguir. The complex is located in the Sahara Desert.
In Animals in Space (2007), military and space flight writers Colin Burgess and Chris Dubbs place liftoff at 8:09 a.m., Friday, Oct. 18, 1963. In his 2002 article in Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale, Dr. Jean Timbal of France’s Centre d’Essais en Vol also set the launch of Félicette’s historic spaceflight at 8:09 a.m., without specifying the time zone.
On his online space travel reference website, Encyclopedia Astronautica (www.astronautix.com), Mark Wade specifies “07:09 GMT” as the flight’s liftoff time. Greenwich Mean Time (BST) references the United Kingdom’s standard time. Since the Summer Time Act 1972, the United Kingdom advances the clock one hour for British Summer Time (BST) from March’s last Sunday to October’s last Sunday. Greenwich Mean Time is observed during the rest of the year.
Greenwich Mean Time’s time offset designations of UTC+0 recognizes the time zone’s alignment with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the world’s primary time standard. In 1963, Algeria and France observed Central European Time (CET) all year. CET’s time offset of UTC+1 indicates that the time zone is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Félicette’s flight took place at 8:09 a.m., according to CET.
From liftoff to touchdown, Félicette’s historic spaceflight lasted 636 seconds (10 minutes 36 seconds). During liftoff, she was battered by an acceleration force of 9.5 (gravitational force). Félicette experienced weightlessness, also known as zero gravity (zero-g or zero g-force), for 302 seconds (five minutes two seconds). The absence of contact forces upon her body ended at a flight time of 352 seconds (five minutes 52 seconds).
The flight’s deceleration began 360 seconds (six minutes) after the flight’s start, according to medical captain (médecin capitaine) Gérard Chatelier of France’s Centre d’Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecine Aéronautique (CERMA). Dr. Chatelier and Dr. Timbal described the deceleration phase as “chaotique” (chaotic), with turbulences on the order of 4 g-forces.
The nose cone’s parachute blossom opened at a flight time of 534 seconds (eight minutes 54 seconds), according to Dr. Chatelier’s text, or at 535 seconds (eight minutes 55 seconds), according to Dr. Chatelier’s trajectograph. Félicette endured 7 g’s after the parachute’s blossom opened.
The nose cone sheltering Félicette landed 15 kilometers (9.32 miles) away from the launch site. Enclosed in a capsule within the nose cone, Félicette awaited the arrival of her recovery team’s helicopter. Two minutes 37 seconds (157 seconds) elapsed between touchdown and rescue. Earth’s first and only feline astronaut was recovered 793 seconds (13 minutes 13 seconds) after the start of her historic spaceflight.
A Nov. 15, 1963, documentary, “Félicette, la 1ère chatte astronaute,” hosted by journalist Georges Jouin, included footage of Félicette’s retrieval from the nose cone. She meowed in greeting technical services mechanic Vergnol and medical captain Jean Ginet.
Burgess and Dubbs note that Félicette “was said” to have been a Parisian stray prior to her entrance into France’s feline spaceflight program. The French government was believed to have purchased her from a pet dealer, who had rescued the black-and-white stray from the streets of Paris.
Also known as C 341, Félicette trained as one of 14 participants in France’s feline spaceflight program. The program’s felines underwent 10-hour surgeries for electrode implants. Ten electrodes were implanted in their brains and skulls.
The program’s training included an array of tests checking skills in withstanding the challenges of spaceflight. The skill tests exposed the participants to high g-forces (gravitational forces), immobility, isolation and loud, launch-like sounds.
Each participant was secured by a body harness in a body-hugging box or capsule and was placed in isolation chambers for the program’s experiments. Horrendously loud sounds, such as would bombard them during the launch and during flight, were blasted into the chamber for one or two hours each day for 15 days. Each cat was also harnessed for insertion within a spaceflight capsule that was secured to a centrifuge in a compression chamber. The centrifuge’s rapid rotations tested each cat’s ability to tolerate high g-forces.
The takeaway for Félicette, Earth’s only astrocat, is that the courageous tuxedo cat’s historic spaceflight began Friday, Oct. 18, 1963, at 8:09 a.m. Central European Time (07:09 a.m. Coordinated Universal Time) and touched down in the Sahara Desert 636 seconds (10 minutes 36 seconds) later.

Félicette's meowed greeting occurs at 07:23-07:24: Georges Jouin's "Félicette, la 1ère Chatte Astronaute," via Sept Jours du Monde/Radiodiffusion Télévision Française, Nov. 15, 1963

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credit:
CERMA’s (Centre d’Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecin Aéronautique) official photo of Félicette, Earth's only astrocat, is captioned: “Merci pour votre participation à mon succès du 18 Octobre 1963 (Thank you for your participation in my success on October 18, 1963): Tauriq Moosa ‏@tauriqmoosa via Twitter April 4, 2014, @ https://twitter.com/tauriqmoosa/status/452080067556806657
Félicette's meowed greeting occurs at 07:23-07:24: Georges Jouin's “Félicette, la 1ère Chatte Astronaute,” Nov. 15, 1963, via France INA (Institut National de l’Audiovisuel) @ https://www.ina.fr/video/CAF93019883

For further information:
Burgess, Colin; and Chris Dubbs. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Chichester UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd., 2007.
Cats.World.Life ‏@catsworldlife. “The first cat in space was French. She was named Felicette, or “Astrocat.” She survived the trip. #cat #facts.” Twitter. Aug. 14, 2014.
Available @ https://twitter.com/catsworldlife/status/499892059827081216
Chatelier, G. (Gérard). “Les Premières Expériences Biologiques Françaises en Fusée.” 81-99. In: Brigitte Schürmann, ed., Première Rencontre de l’I.F.H.E. sur l’Essor des Recherches Spatiales en France: Des Premières Expériences Scientifiques aux Premiers Satellites, Paris, France, 24-25 octobre 2000. Noordwijk, Pays Bas (Netherlands): Division des Publications ESA, 2001.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2001ESASP.472...81C
Chatelier, G. (Gérard); B. (Bernard) Cailler; and C. Mourareau. “Les Premières Expériences Animales Françaises en Fusée.” Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale, tome XXXII, n° 128 (1993): 274-287.
Chatelier, Gérard. “Préparations et Lancements de Chats à Hammaguir.” Nos Premières Années > Tous les Documents > Première Page > Fusées Sondes. 1961-1962.
Available @ http://www.nospremieresannees.fr/fusee_sonde_tout/fu07-animaux/fu075-diaporama_chat/diaporama.html
christy. “Astrocat.” Daily Cat Facts. April 1, 2014.
Available @ https://dailycatfacts.com/page/10/
Cliff Pickover ‏@pickover. “In 1963, France launched Félicette, a Paris street cat, into space. She survived, but killed later to examine brain.” Twitter. Oct. 3, 2014.
Available @ https://twitter.com/pickover/status/518102386213400576
Dominique M. “Nous avons également eu nos héros dans le bestiaire spatial.” Spatial Form > Médecine Spatiale > Les Animaux Spationautes. July 18, 2007.
Available @ http://spatial.forumdediscussions.com/t934-les-animaux-spationautes
Goedhart, Robert F.A. The Never Ending Dispute: Delimitation of Air Space and Outer Space. Gif-sur-Yvette, France: Éditions Frontières, 1996.
Gray, Tara. “A Brief History of Animals in Space.” NASA History website > Space Biology. 1998.
Available via NASA @ https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html
L’Observatoire de l’Espace du CNES. “Chatte Félicette.”Observatoire de l’Espace > Dans les Strates de Notre Mémoire > Les Manifestations > Le Musée Imaginaire de l’Espace > Les Précurseurs.
Available @ http://www.cnes-observatoire.net/memoire/musee_manif/12_jep11_compagnons-espace_mem/03.html
Marriner, Derdriu. “Parisian Stray Félicette Became First Astrocat Oct. 18, 1963.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/parisian-stray-felicette-became-first.html
Moulin, Hervé. La France Dans l’Espace 1959-1979: Contribution à l’Effort Spatial Européen. HSR-37. Nordwijk, Pays-Bas (Netherlands): Division des Publications de l’Agence spatiale Européenne, June 2006.
Available @ http://www.esa.int/esapub/hsr/HSR_37.pdf
Noura AlShubaily ‏@Nouranism. “The 1st cat to go to space, Félicette was blasted 97 miles into space on 18/10/1963, by a French Veronique AG1 rocket.” Twitter. Nov. 1, 2013.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Nouranism/status/396291558489993217
Roberts, Patrick. “Félicette, the Space Cat . . . and Félix, Who Didn’t Exist.” Purr ‘n’ Fur UK. September 2004. Updated April 2014.
Available @ http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/felix.html
Sanz Fernández de Córdoba, Segismundo. “100km Altitude Boundary for Astronauts.” FAI (Fédération Aéronautique Internationale) > FAI Astronautic Records Commission (ICARE). 1994.
Available @ https://www.fai.org/page/icare-boundary
Sept Jours du Monde. “Félicette, la 1ère Chatte Astronaute.” Radiodiffusion Télévision Française. Nov. 15, 1963.
Available via France INA (Institut National de l’Audiovisuel) @ https://www.ina.fr/video/CAF93019883
Tauriq Moosa ‏@tauriqmoosa. “This beautiful creature is Félicette -- the first kitty to go to space & return safely . . .” Twitter. April 4, 2014.
Available @ https://twitter.com/tauriqmoosa/status/452080067556806657
Timbal, Jean. “Biologie Spatiale à Hammaguir. La chance de la chatte ‘Félicette.’” Revue de Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale, tome XLII, n° 159 (2002): 29-35.
Timbal, Jean. Historie de la Médecine Aéronautique et Spatiale Française. Paris, France: Éditions Glyphe, 2009.
Timsit, C. (Claude) A.; Gérard Chatelier; and Hervé Moulin. “412. The French Space Biological Experiments With Animals, Before 1968.” In: Hervé Moulin, ed., Rocketry & Astronautics: IAC History Symposia 1967-2000: Abstracts & Index. Paris, France: International Academy of Astronautics, 2004.
Available @ https://iaaweb.org/iaa/Studies/history.pdf
Wade, Mark. “Veronique.” Astronautix > Alphabetical Index > V.
Available @ http://www.astronautix.com/v/veronique.html



Sunday, October 26, 2014

Tortoise Durians, Turtle-High Fruits from Durio Testudinarum Trees?


Summary: Durio testudinarum trees get tortoise durians, musky, shiny fruits that grow, like the woody plants' self-pollinated blooms, from bases, roots and trunks.


Durio testudinarum fruit illustration by Odoardo Beccari and G. Anichini; O. Beccari, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Durian-like distribution ranges and life cycles apply to Durio testudinarum trees even though their physical appearances are atypical in fruit arrangements since tortoise durians adhere to bases, roots and trunks, not branches.
Tortoise durian trees bear their common name as the English equivalent of the local term durian kura-kura ("thorn tortoise") because of spiny and, perhaps, tortoise-accessible, allusions. They carry the equivalent of the English common name in the same-meaninged scientific name Durio testudinarum, from the Malay duri ("thorn") and the Latin testūdō ("tortoise"). Current taxonomies defer to scientific descriptions of flowering specimens from Mount Mattang near Kutching, Sarawak, Malaysia, in 1889 by Odoardo Beccari (Nov. 16, 1843-Oct. 25, 1920).
The Malvaceae mallow family member exists in lowland mixed dipterocarp ("two-winged fruit," from the Greek δίς, dís, "twice"; πτερόν, pterón, "wing"; and καρπός, karpós, "fruit") forests.

The life cycles of tortoise durian trees facilitate cultivated and wild leafing, flowering, fruiting and seeding months from self-pollinating pollen-making male stamens and pollen-receiving female pistils.
Dark seeds get dispersed after going through the digestive tracts of native wildlife in lowland Darussalam, Brunei; Borneo and Kalimantan, Indonesia; and Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia. Capsule- and globe-like, gray- to green-yellow, 3.94- to 5.91-inch (100- to 150-millimeter) diameter husks hold people- and wildlife-friendly edible pulp and seeds within five weak-seamed lobes. Cone- and pyramid-shaped, 0.29- to 0.39-inch- (7- to 10-millimeter-) long spines inundate the outer surface of tortoise durian fruit husks and inspire the genus's thorny meanings.
The life cycles of Durio testudinarum trees respectively juggle tortoise durian flowers, fruits and seeds from September through February, October through January and November through January.

Tortoise durian fruits, aril-like (from the Latin arillus, "dried grape") in keeping animal-dispersed, germination-friendly seeds within fleshy pulp, know the brightest white-yellows of all edible durians.
Tortoise durian fruits line up around tree bases and trunks and atop low-lying rounded buttress roots instead of atop tree branches, like eight other edible species. They maintain caramel- to white-yellow jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus-) like stringy flesh or, around caramel-brown, same-scented seeds, waxy textures; candy-, pineapple- and vanilla-like tastes; and musky scents. They nestle into the same niches that net hermaphroditic (from the Greek Ερμής, Ermís, "[male] messenger" and Ἀφροδίτη, Aphroditē, [love goddess born from] sea foam") flowers.
Durio testudinarum trees in moist, well-drained soil pHs 6 to 7 offer pale, 80- to 100-clustered flowers and scrumptious fruits with candied pineapple- and vanilla-like juices.

Tortoise durian fruit trees proliferate in temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 and 30 degrees Celsius) up through 2,296.59-foot (700-meter) altitudes above sea level.
Durio testudinarum trees queue up 32.81- to 82.02-foot (10- to 25-meter) heights, not durian-typical 131.23- to 164.04-foot (40- to 50-meter) heights and 3.94-foot (1.2-meter) trunk diameters. Local and regional agro-industrial, culinary, herbal and timber product lines result in International Union for Conservation of Nature vulnerability statuses for tortoise durian habitats and populations. Their pink- to red-brown heartwood and red-, white- or yellow-brown sapwood shows up in board-cupping, coarse-grained, low-cost, non-durable, powder-post beetle- and termite-intolerant furniture and packing cases.
Durio testudinarum trees tender the brightest flesh, muskiest scents and smallest sizes of the only non-branch-borne edible durian fruits from the only successfully self-pollinated durian flowers.

Durio testudinarum illustration by describer Odoardo Beccari; G. Anichini, lithography; O. Beccari, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIII: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
Durio testudinarum fruit illustration by Odoardo Beccari and G. Anichini; O. Beccari, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108856
Durio testudinarum illustration by describer Odoardo Beccari; G. Anichini, lithography; O. Beccari, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIII: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108854

For further information:
Beccari, Odoardo. 1889. "8. Durio testudinarum Becc. sp. n." Malesia: Raccolta di Osservazione Botaniche Intorno alle Piante dell'Arcipelago Indo-Malese e Papuano, volume terzo: 244-246. Firenze-Roma, Italy: Fratelli Bencini, 1886-1890.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108945
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/malesiaracco318861890becc#page/244/mode/1up
"Durio testudinarius Becc." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327457
Gasik, Lindsay. 21 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.
Lim, T.K. (Tong Kwee). 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 October 2014. "Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-grandiflorus-botanical.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2014. "Durio Dulcis Botanical Illustrations, Sweet Red Jungle Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-dulcis-botanical-illustrations.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2014. "Durio Oxleyanus Trees: Least Scaly Leaves, Scary Spines, Smelly Fruits." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-oxleyanus-trees-least-scaly.html
Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). Wellington, New Zealand: Daphne Brasell Associates.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. "Durio testudinarum." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T34570A9876131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34570A9876131.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34570/0



Saturday, October 25, 2014

Durio Oxleyanus Trees: Least Scaly Leaves, Scary Spines, Smelly Fruits


Summary: Durio oxleyanus trees get evergreen leaves with scaly midribs, Oxley's durians in four non-spiky orange-fruited parts and yellow flowers with long petals.


Oxley's durian (Durio oxleyanus); 13-phalanx, 14 and 15-vertical section of anther, 16-vertical section of ovary; illustration by English botanist and taxonomist M.T. Masters after a sketch by British botanist and physician Alexander Carroll Maingay (Oct. 25, 1836-Nov. 14, 1869); M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XIV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Durio oxleyanus trees articulate distribution ranges and life cycles that accord with other durian trees even though Oxley's durians are atypical among wild, woody durian plants for blunt-spined, four-sectioned, scarce-scented edible fruits.
Oxley's durians bear the common names durian beludu, durian daun, durian sukang, isu and kerontangan because of velvet-smooth flesh, evergreeness and orange-tinged pulp within tufted husks. The scientific name Durio oxleyanus (from the Malay duri, "thorn" and Latin oxleyanus, "concerning Oxley") commemorates Bengal Medical Staff Chief Thomas Oxley (May 1805-March 6, 1886). The current taxonomy descends from scientific descriptions in 1844 by William Griffith (March 4, 1810-Feb. 9, 1845) of a durian among nutmeg deliveries to Dr. Oxley.
The Oxley's durian explications entailed a specimen extracted from Penang island off coastal eastern Malaysia in 1843 by Johann Otto Voight (March 22, 1798-June 22, 1843).

The life cycles of Durio oxleyanus trees fit September through February flowers, October through January fruits and November through January seeds into evergreen, year-round foliage schedules.
Oxley's durian trees grow from germinated seeds that get transported by, or go through the digestive tracts of, fructivorous (fruit-eating) lowland rainforest Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Their seeds have 85 percent germination rates, within nine to 36 days, on clay-rich, frequent-flooded, sandy-soiled, well-drained hillsides up through 2,132.55-foot (650-meter) altitudes above sea level. Four-month-old, 23.62-inch- (600-millimeter-) tall seedlings incur mature 131.23- to 164.04-foot (40- to 50-meter) heights with first branches 98.42 feet (30 meters) above 9.84-foot- (3-meter-) tall buttresses.
Durio oxleyanus trees juggle 59.06- to 78.74-inch (1,500- to 2,000-millimeter) diameter, 17.64- to 35.28-ounce (500- to 1,000-gram) four-sectioned, not five-segmented, Oxley's durian fruits atop older branches.

Oxley's durian husks keep blunt, broad, green, pyramid-shaped, semi-curved spines on the outer surfaces of four weak-seamed sections whose interiors each keep one to two seeds.
Oxley's durian fruits, as the least sticky-fleshed and tortoise durians (Durio testudinarum) as most sticky-fleshed of nine edible durians, look like palm-sized, orange-yellow-tinged, smooth-textured white-gray-green globes. The Malvaceae mallow family member maintains the smoothness of creamy textures and sweetness of powdered sugar without the fetid, musky smells of many other edible durians. They net orange-yellows from 1-inch (25.4-millimeter) diameter yellow flowers with five sepals longer than five petals; and numerous black-bordered anther-topped filaments amid four- to five-stamened bundles.
Durio oxleyanus trees offer blunt-edged, oblong, round-based evergreen leaves with hairless uppersides; hairy undersides; and, atypical of edible durian tree shoots, scaly surfaces only on midribs.

Oxley's durian fruit trees prevail in soil pHs and temperatures respectively between 6 and 7 and 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 and 30 degrees Celsius).
Durio oxleyanus trees queue up in mixed-species, moist, nutrient-rich dipterocarp ("two-winged fruit," from the Greek δίς, dís, "twice"; πτερόν, pterón, "wing"; and καρπός, karpós, "fruit") forests. They require 59.06- to 78.74-inch (1,500- to 2,000-millimeter) annual rainfall for not-too-dry, not-too-waterlogged woody layering of pink- to red-brown heartwood and red-, white- to yellow-brown sapwood. Oxley's durian-friendly environments serve local and regional agro-industrial, culinary, herbal, manufacturing and wood-working sectors with containers, frames, fuel and furniture; and edible fruits, leaves and seeds.
Durio oxleyanus trees turn up among taller edible-fruited durian species even as they turn out atypically four-sectioned, scentless, spikeless fruits and unscented flowers, foliage and wood.

The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) likes to feed on Oxley's durian (Durio oxleyanus); young Sumatran orangutan in Gunung Leuser National Park, Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra province, northwestern Sumatra; May 2007: Michaël Catanzariti, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
Oxley's durian (Durio oxleyanus); illustration by English botanist and taxonomist M.T. Masters after a sketch by British botanist and physician Alexander Carroll Maingay (Oct. 25, 1836-Nov. 14, 1869); 13-phalanx, 14-vertical section of anther, 15-another vertical section of anther, 16-vertical section of ovary; M.T. Masters, Journal of the Linnean Society (1875), vol. XIV, Tab. XIV: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238423
The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) likes to feed on Oxley's durian (Durio oxleyanus); young Sumatran orangutan in Gunung Leuser National Park, Bukit Lawang, North Sumatra province, northwestern Sumatra; May 2007: Michaël Catanzariti, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_orang_utan.JPG

For further information:
Beccari, Odoardo. 1889. "14. Durio oxleyanus Griff. Not. v. IV, p. 531." Malesia: Raccolta di Osservazione Botaniche Intorno alle Piante dell'Arcipelago Indo-Malese e Papuano, volume terzo: 252-253. Firenze-Roma, Italy: Fratelli Bencini, 1886-1890.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108953
Dobson, G.E. (George Edward). May 1871. "On Some New Species of Malayan Bats From the Collection of Dr. Stoliczka: 2. M. speloeus, Dobson." Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 106. Calcutta, India: C.B. Lewis.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12393484
"Durio oxleyanus Griff." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327450
Gasik, Lindsay. 21 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.
Griffith, William. "Durio oxleyanus, (n. sp.)." Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India, vol. V: 115-116. Calcutta, India: W. Ridsdale, Bishop's College Press, M.DCCC.XLV (1845).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40416838
Katiekins57. 25 October 2017. "Thomas Oxley." FindAGrave > Memorials > Region > Europe > England > Hampshire > Southampton Unitary Authority > Southampton > Southampton Old Cemetery.
Available @ https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc=ugd15&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&qh=B/WNcXRIucTsKSWz6QuKcg%3D%3D&gss=angs-c&new=1&rank=1&gsfn=thomas&gsfn_x=1&gsln=oxley&gsln_x=1&msypn__ftp=Dublin,%20Dublin,%20Ireland&msypn=91953&msbdy=1805&msgdy=1821&msddy=1886&msdpn__ftp=Great%20Britain&msdpn=3257&msfng=thomas&msfns=oxley&msmng=hannah&msmns=yeoman&gskw=doctor%20and%20nutmeg%20plantation%20owner&catbucket=rstp&MSAV=1&uidh=ft7&pcat=34&h=148656411&dbid=60526&indiv=1&ml_rpos=10
Lesson, René-Primevère. 1827. "9e Espèce. Pongo D'Abel; Pongo Abelii." Manuel de Mammalogie ou Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères: 32. Paris, France: J.B. Baillière et Fils.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54207464
Lim, T.K. (Tong Kwee). 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 October 2014. "Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-grandiflorus-botanical.html
Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2014. "Durio Dulcis Botanical Illustrations, Sweet Red Jungle Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-dulcis-botanical-illustrations.html
Masters, Maxwell T. (Tylden). 1875. "Monographic Sketch of the Durioneae [Read November 19, 1874.](Plates XIV., XV., XVI.): 7. D. oxleyanus, Griff. Notul. iv. 531." The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, vol. XIV: 501 table 15. London, England: Taylor and Francis.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238270
Masters, Maxwell T. 1875. "Order XXVI. Malvaceae: 3.D. Oxleyanus, Griff. Notul. iv. 531." In: J.D. (Joseph Dalton) Hooker, The Flora of British India, vol. I Ranunculaceae to Sapindaceae: 351. London, England: L. Reeve & Co.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/354261
Masters, Maxwell T. (Tylden). 1875. "Monographic Sketch of the Durioneae [Read November 19, 1874.](Plates XIV., XV., XVI.): Plate XIV. (continued). Figs. 13-16. Durio Oxleyanus, Griff." The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, vol. XIV: 507. London, England: Taylor and Francis.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/238276
Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International).



Friday, October 24, 2014

Durio Dulcis Botanical Illustrations, Sweet Red Jungle Durian Images


Summary: Durio dulcis botanical illustrations and sweet red jungle durian images get the foulest, reddest, stubbornest, sweetest, yellowest of nine edible durians.


illustration of Durio dulcis by G. Anichini for Odoardo Beccari's description, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIX: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Durio dulcis botanical illustrations and sweet red jungle durian images assemble distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances of the foulest-smelling, sweetest-tasting of the nine edible of 30 durian fruit tree species.
Sweet red jungle durians bear the common names durian maranagang, durian merangang, kitong and lahong in Borneo and Kalimantan, Indonesia; and in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia. They carry the scientific name Durio dulcis from the Malay word duri for "thorn" and the Latin word dulcis for "sweet" because of spine-covered, sweet-tasting fruits. Their scientific names as southeast Asian members of the Malvaceae mallow family derive from scientific descriptions in 1889 by Odoardo Beccari (Nov. 16, 1843-Oct. 25, 1920).
Sweet red jungle durians emit the most execrable smells of nine edible durians even as they ensure the most exquisite eating experiences with their delectable flesh.

September through February, October through January and November through January furnish sweet red jungle durians with respective flowering, fruiting and seeding months in Indonesia and Malaysia.
The brown seeds from sweet red jungle durian fruits germinate in light sandy, somewhat clayey, somewhat loamy, moist, sunny, well-drained soils with lowland mixed forest seedlings. Black- to brown-red husks with black-tipped, cone-shaped, not durian-typical pyramid-shaped, slender, yellow, 0.59- to 0.79-inch- (15- to 20-millimeter-) long spines harbor caramel-yellow, fleshy, seed-filled, turpentine-smelling fruits. Absence of a weakened seam from stem to tip individualizes sweet red jungle durians from other edible species and inhibits opening durian fruits without machete-like instruments.
Durio dulcis botanical illustrations and sweet red jungle durian images juggle 6- to 10-inch (15.24- to 25.4-centimeter) diameter fruits after pink-blooming inflorescences journey over older branches.

Only sweet red jungle durian fruits, not the 131.23- to 141.08-foot- (40- to 43-meter-) tall, 31.49-inch (80-centimeter) diameter trees, keep mint chocolate-like tastes and turpentine-like smells.
Slight turpentine-like scents linger throughout sweet red jungle durian tree leaves, whose elliptical under- and upper-sides look respectively glossy green and golden yellow, with pointed tips. Sweet red jungle durian trees maintain slight turpentine-like scents throughout pink-brown, red or red-brown dead, innermost heartwood and brown-, red- or white-yellow living sapwood outermost interiors. They need mixed dipterocarp (from the Greek δίς, dís, "twice"; πτερόν, pterón, "wing"; and καρπός, karpós, "fruit") forests up through 2,624.67-foot (800-meter) altitudes above sea level.
Relative humidity at 80 percent, soil pHs between 6 and 7 and temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (25 and 30 degrees Celsius) optimize sustainability.

Durio dulcis botanical illustrations and sweet red jungle images present low-cost, non-durable, semi-smelly timber and scrumptious, spiny, stinky fruits for agro-industrialists, builders, herbalists, manufacturers and wood-workers.
Furniture, packing cases and veneer plywood for light construction of smaller commercial and residential buildings qualify as commonest local uses of sweet red jungle durian timber. Coarse-textured, somewhat lustrous, straight- to interlocking-grained sweet red jungle durian wood products retain no resistance to powder-post beetles and termites and reveal tendencies toward cupping boards. The International Union for Conservation of Nature serves sweet red jungle durian trees with vulnerable statuses for declining populations and degraded habitats from agro-industrialized, logged niches.
Durio dulcis botanical illustrations and sweet red jungle durian images team red-hulled, yellow-fleshed, yellow-spined fruits with mint- chocolate tastes and, alongside golden-green-leaved brown-yellow wood, turpentine-like scents.

red durian (Durio dulcis); Kalimantan, Indonesia' Jan. 23, 2012: Arief Rahman Saan (Ezagren), proper attribution required, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment
My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:
illustration of Durio dulcis by G. Anichini for Odoardo Beccari's description, Malesia (1889), vol. III, Plate XIX: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108866
red durian (Durio dulcis); Kalimantan, Indonesia' Jan. 23, 2012: Arief Rahman Saan (Ezagren), proper attribution required, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lahung.jpg

For further information:
Beccari, Odoardo. 1889. "6. Durio dulcis Becc. sp. n." Malesia: Raccolta di Osservazione Botaniche Intorno alle Piante dell'Arcipelago Indo-Malese e Papuano, volume terzo: 243-244. Firenze-Roma, Italy: Fratelli Bencini, 1886-1890.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46108944
"Durio dulcis Becc." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100327434
Gasik, Lindsay. 21 January 2014. Year of the Durian. Amazon Digital Services LLC.
Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (André Guillaume Henri). "The Genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.): 8. Durio dulcis Becc. -- Figure 12, a, b, 13." December 1958. Reinwardtia, vol. 4, part 3: 47-150: 68-72. Kebun Raya, Indonesia: Herbarium Bogoriense.
Available via Research Center for Biology-LIPI @ http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008/874
Marriner, Derdriu. 10 October 2014. "Durio Grandiflorus Botanical Illustrations and Ghost Durian Images." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/durio-grandiflorus-botanical.html
Lim, T.K. (Tong Kwee). 2012. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Heidelberg, Germany; London, England; New York NY: Springer.
Subhadrabandhu, Suranant; and Saichol Ketsa. 2001. Durian: King of Tropical Fruit. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). Wellington, New Zealand: Daphne Brasell Associates.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. "Durio dulcis." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T34565A9871175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34565A9871175.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34565/0