Roméo et Juliette Is May 5, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: The May 5, 2018, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is Roméo et Juliette by 19th century French composer Charles-François Gounod.

Plácido Domingo conducts and Ailyn Pérez sings the title female role in the 2017-2018 Met Opera season's performances of Gounod's Roméo et Juliette: AILYN PÉREZ @AilynPerez1 via Twitter April 4, 2018

Roméo et Juliette, a five-act opera about naïve young love amid family feuds by 19th century French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893), is the May 5, 2018, Metropolitan Opera Saturday matinee broadcast.

Credit for the French libretto goes to French librettists Paul Jules Barbier (March 8, 1825-Jan. 16, 1901) and Michel Carré (Oct. 20, 1821-June 27, 1872).

The literary source for Barbier and Carré’s French libretto is The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet by Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare (baptized April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). Shakespeare’s writing of the Verona’s tragedy dates to between 1591 and 1595.

Gounod’s Roméo et Juliette premiered April 27, 1867, at Théâtre Lyrique’s Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris’s first arrondissement (1er arrondissement de Paris). Théâtre Lyrique’s previous premieres of Gounod operas include the redemptive tragedy, Faust (premiere March 19, 1859).

Six performances of Roméo et Juliette are scheduled for the 2017-2018 Met Opera season. Opening night, Monday, April 23, 2018, at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, marks the opera’s 344th performance by the Metropolitan Opera. The month’s second performance takes place Friday, April 27, at 8 p.m.

Four performances are scheduled for May, beginning Tuesday, May 1, at 7:30 p.m. The month’s second performance is the Saturday matinee broadcast Saturday, May 5, at 1 p.m. The month’s third performance takes place Wednesday, May 9, at 7:30 p.m. The fourth performance marks closing night, Saturday, May 12, at 1 p.m.

Estimated run time for the five-act opera is 3 hours 2 minutes. Acts I, II, and III’s scene 1 are set for 75 minutes. An intermission of 35 minutes follows the first three and one-half acts. Act III’s scene 2 and acts IV and V span 72 minutes.

Plácido Domingo conducts all performances, including the May 5 Saturday matinee broadcast. His birthplace is Madrid, central Spain. The Spanish tenor, who sings the Miller baritone role, debuted Sept. 28, 1968, as Maurizio in the Metropolitan Opera’s 16th performance of Adriana Lecouvreur by Italian composer Francesco Cilea (July 23, 1866-Nov. 20, 1950). In the 2017-2018 Met Opera season, Plácido Domingo also sings, appearing in the fatherly baritone role in Luisa Miller by 19th century Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Ailyn Pérez appears in all performances as Juliette Capulet, tragically in love with Roméo Montagu, whose family is locked in a feud with Juliette’s family. Her birthplace is Chicago, Cook County, northeastern Illinois. The American operatic soprano debuted Feb. 6, 2015, as Micaëla in the Metropolitan Opera’s 994th performance of Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875). In the 2017-2018 Met Opera season, Ailyn Pérez also appears in the title role in Thaïs by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet (May 12, 1842-Aug. 13, 1912) and as Countess Almavivia in Le Nozze di Figaro by 18 century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Karine Deshayes appears in all performances in the trouser role of Stéphano, Roméo’s page who supports the secret romance between Juliette and Roméo. The French mezzo-soprano debuted Oct. 3, 2006, in the trouser role of Siebel in the Metropolitan Opera’s 723rd performance of Gounod’s Faust.

Charles Castronovo appears in all performances as Roméo, who loves Juliette despite their families' feud. His birthplace is Queens, New York City, southwestern Long Island, southeastern New York. The American operatic tenor debuted Sept. 27, 1999, as Beppe in the Metropolitan Opera's 678th performance of Pagliacci ‏by Italian opera composer and librettist Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857-Aug. 9, 1919). In the 2017-2018 Met Opera season, he also appears as Tamino in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte and also in the Met's family-friendly, English-language version, The Magic Flute.

(Bryan Hymel originally was scheduled to appear in all performances as Roméo. The Metropolitan Opera announced his illness and replacement by Charles Castronovo via Twitter April 18, 2018. His birthplace is New Orleans, southeastern Louisiana. The American tenor debuted Dec. 26, 2012, as Aeneas in the Metropolitan Opera’s 41st performance of Les Troyens by 19th century French Romantic composer Louis-Hector Berlioz [Dec. 11, 1803-March 8, 1869].)

Update: Andrea Shin replaces Charles Castronovo, who is ill, as Roméo for the April 23 opening night performance. His birthplace is South Korea. The South Korean tenor makes his Metropolitan Opera debut with his opening night appearance as Roméo. (Update via The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Twitter April 23, 2018.)

Joshua Hopkins appears in all performances as Mercutio, Roméo’s friend who has a fatal duel with Tybalt, Lady Capulet’s nephew. The Canadian baritone debuted Oct. 28, 2009, as Ping in the Metropolitan Opera’s 271st performance of Turandot by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Kwangchul Youn appears in all performances as Frère Laurent, who hopes that the marriage he performs between Juliette and Roméo will bring happiness and end the Capulet-Montagu feud. His birthplace is Chung Ju, North Chungcheong province, central South Korea. The South Korean operatic bass debuted Oct. 8, 2004, as Sarastro in the Metropolitan Opera’s 343rd performance of Die Zauberflöte by 18th century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart. In the 2017-2018 Met Opera season, Kwangchul Youn also appears as Ferrando in Verdi’s Il Trovatore.

Met Opera’s 2017-2018 staging of Roméo et Juliette revisits Bartlett Sher’s new production, which debuted Dec. 31, 2016, in the Metropolitan Opera’s 330th performance of the star-crossed tragedy. The American theater director’s production team comprises Michael Yeargan, set designer; Catherine Zuber, costume designer; Jennifer Tipton, lighting designer; Chase Brock, choreographer.

Roméo et Juliette appears as the 23rd and last of the 2017-2018 Met Opera season’s 23 Saturday matinee broadcasts. Cendrillon was the season’s 22nd Saturday matinee broadcast. Massenet’s Cendrillon aired Saturday, April 28, at 1 p.m.

Online database Operabase places Charles-François Gounod at number 21 in a worldwide ranking of 1,281 composers for the five seasons from 2011/2012 to 2015/2016. Places 20 and 22 are occupied by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet and 18th century German Early Classical Era composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, respectively.

Roméo et Juliette occupies place 65 in the worldwide list of 2,658 most popular operas. Places 64 and 66 are held by German late Romantic and early modern composer Richard Strauss’s Elektra and by 19th century German composer Richard Wagner’s Siegfried, respectively.

Roméo et Juliette’s Metropolitan Opera debut took place April 16, 1884. Prior to the 2017-2018 Met Opera season, Roméo et Juliette’s most recent Met Opera performances occurred during the 2016-2017 season.

The Metropolitan Opera’s Repertory Report provides statistics for the opera house’s operatic performances. Roméo et Juliette is in place 23. Places 22 and 24 are occupied by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet’s Der Rosenkavalier and by 19th century Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi’s Otello, respectively.

The takeaway for Roméo et Juliette as the May 5, 2018, Metropolitan Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that the 2017-2018 Met Opera season’s 23rd Saturday matinee broadcast closes the season with a Shakespearean star-crossed tragedy in which youth value love over family feuds.

The Metropolitan Opera revisits American theater director Bartlett Sher's 2016-2017 staging of Charles Gounod's Roméo et Juliette with 2017-2018 season performances in April and May: BAM ‏@BAM_Brooklyn via Twitter April 24, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Plácido Domingo conducts and Ailyn Pérez sings the title female role in the 2017-2018 Met Opera season's performances of Gounod's Roméo et Juliette: AILYN PÉREZ @AilynPerez1 via Twitter April 4, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/AilynPerez1/status/981533909136572417

The Metropolitan Opera revisits American theater director Bartlett Sher's 2016-2017 staging of Charles Gounod's Roméo et Juliette with 2017-2018 season performances in April and May: BAM ‏@BAM_Brooklyn via Twitter April 24, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/BAM_Brooklyn/status/988809885604368384

For further information:

AILYN PÉREZ @AilynPerez1. "Chatting with our living legend Maestro @PlacidoDomingo who conducts our Roméo & Juliette at @metopera. He always works from the heart, devoting his time and energy on bringing opera to life with expressivity and abandon! #MetOpera #ComingSoon #Keepingupwithdomingo." Twitter. April 4, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/AilynPerez1/status/981533909136572417

BAM ‏@BAM_Brooklyn. "#RSCKingLear and looking for more Shakespeare in the city? Head uptown to our friends @MetOpera and catch Gounod’s lush operatic adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, now through May 12." Twitter. April 24, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/BAM_Brooklyn/status/988809885604368384

"Composers: Composers Ranked by the Number of Performances of Their Operas Over the Five Seasons 2011/2012 to 2015/16." Operabase > Opera Statistics.
Available @ http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en

“Debut: Bryan Hymel.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354746 Les Troyens {41} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/26/2012.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354746

“Debut: Plácido Domingo.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 216130 Adriana Lecouvreur {16} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/28/1968.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=216130

“Debuts: Ailyn Pérez, Gábor Bretz.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355797 Carmen {994} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/06/2015.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355797

Debuts: Andrea Shin, Bogdan Volkov." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356960 Roméo et Juliette {344} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/23/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356960

“Debuts: Andris Nelsons, Lise Lindstrom, Joshua Hopkins . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353144 Turandot {271} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/28/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353144

"Debuts: José Cura, Charles Castronovo." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 332000 Cavalleria Rusticana {636} Pagliacci {678} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/27/1999.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=332000

“Debuts: L’ubica Vargicová, Volker Vogel, Kwangchul Youn . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351036 Die Zauberflöte {343} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/08/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351036

“Debuts: Tommi Hakala, Karine Deshayes.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351561 Faust {723} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/03/2006.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351561

Jackson, Paul. Saturday Afternoons at the Old Met: The Metropolitan Opera Broadcasts, 1931-1950. Portland OR: Amadeus Press, 1992.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Cendrillon Is the April 28, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, April 23, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/cendrillon-is-april-28-2018-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Metropolitan Opera’s Gallery Met Short for Roméo et Juliette.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 20, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/metropolitan-operas-gallery-met-short.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Roméo et Juliette Is the Jan. 21, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 16, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/romeo-et-juliette-is-jan-21-2017.html

Metropolitan Opera ‏@MetOpera. "For all performances of Roméo et Juliette this season Charles Castronovo sings Roméo, replacing Bryan Hymel who is ill. #CastChange." Twitter. April 18, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/986707340547317760

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "For the performance of ROMÉO ET JULIETTE this evening (4/23), Roméo will be sung by Andrea Shin (making his debut), replacing Charles Castronovo, who is ill." Twitter. April 23, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/988482108120293377

"Performances Statistics Through October 31, 2016.” MetOpera Database > The Metropolitan Opera Archives > Repertory Report.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/Database%20Opera%20Statistics.xml

'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo

Summary: All but 'Āliamanu Salt Lake Salts allows that though the fish is well salted, the maggots crawl on Hawaii Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.

According to Hawaiian legends, Pele, goddess of fire and volcanoes and creator of the Hawaiian Islands, is credited with digging the Ko'olau Range's Alia pa'akai Crater and forming 'Āliamanu Salt Lake by filling one of the crater's two tuff cones with salt water: Mysteries Of Honolulu @MysteriesofHonolulu via Facebook July 15, 2012

Hawaii Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo April 27, 2018, attests that, without 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts, though the fish is well salted, the maggots crawl.

Director Ruba Nadda and writers Rob Hanning and Rachael Paradis broach, through an 'ōlelo a'o ("advice"), battering an already beaten man in Season 8's 22nd episode. The series' 190th episode overall concerns Akela Nakahara (Cidni Romias), Carrie Nakahara's (Shi Ne Nielson) daughter and Honolulu Police Department Sergeant Duke Lukela's (Dennis Chun) granddaughter. It also deals with two Kaneohe Psychiatric Hospital mental patients, dead Ben Pollard and federal fugitive Dylan Shu (Michael Hake) deviously documented as dead Chris Kosaki.

Maggots, like fugitives after a dead man's identity, eat fish already dead, dying from a haul out of water into a hatch of brine, or live.

John A. Maciolek fits Green Lake and Waiau, Hawai'i; Laysan; Nōmilu, Kaua'i; and Wai'ele'ele, Maui, into fresh-watered, natural, 10,763.9-plus-square-foot (0.1-plus-hectare) across, 21.53-plus-square-foot- (2-plus-square-meter-) deep Hawaiian lakes.

The Hawai'i Cooperative Fishery Research Unit director, 1966-1977, gives Meyer Lake on Molokai and Violet Lake and Wai'ānapanapa on Maui, fresh-watered non-lake status as standing waters. 'Aimakapā and Waiākea Pond, Hawai'i; 'Āliamanu and Ka'elepulu Pond, O'ahu; Halulu Lake, Ni'ihau; Kanahā Pond, Maui; and Kauhakō Lake, Molokai, have non-lake status as standing salt-waters. Twenty-first-century Honolulu, where the imaginary Hawaii Five-0 Task Force is installed, is no longer famous for 'Āliamanu salts, whose international reputation involved importance to fishing vessels.

Incense manufacturers in China and sea captains of Indian and Pacific Ocean-going vessels journeyed in the 19th century to O'ahu for Honolulu's 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts.

Honolulu's 0.08-square-mile (20-hectare) diameter Salt Lake bottom and shores within the 50-mile (80.47-kilometer) diameter Alia pa'akai salt pond crater once kept world-famous 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts.

Just one mile (1.61 kilometers) inland between Pearl Harbor and Honolulu lies the Alia pa'akai crater, whose Salt Lake soils once lodged crystallized white salt blocks. The United States Exploring Expedition in 1840 measured the 'Āliamanu at 28-inch (71.12-centimeter) maximum depths even though Hawaiian cultural traditions maintain the Salt Lake as fathomless. A water analysis in 1891 noted 'Āliamanu, named for Alia pa'akai's nearby sister crater, as hypersaline with high chloride, magnesium and sodium and low sulphate levels.

'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts obtain their name from sisters Hi'iaka and Pele, as Hawaiian cultural ancestors, organizing salt-encrusted, salt-honed Alia pa'akai and salt-encrusted, waterbird-honed 'Āliamanu craters.

Pele presented O'ahu with 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts, whose provenance pulled in Kaua'i, as present-day traditional salt producers, not Maui and Molokai, as current-day commercial producers.

'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts no longer queued up on Alia pa'akai in 1910, when an artesian well quickened freshwater levels for commercial mullet and milkfish ponds. A tunnel in the Alia pa'akai crater's southeast rim and an updated sewage outlet repressed seawater seepages at highest tides and removed 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts. The 'Āliamanu Salt Lake no longer supplies 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts from its freshwater springs and survives since 1966 as the Honolulu Country Club fish pond.

Hawaii Five-0 task force members track abducted children, dead patients, federal fugitives and heist money even as Alia pa'akai crater touts no 'Āliamanu Salt Lake salts.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) and Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) aim for a safe recovery of Honolulu Police Department Sergeant Duke Lukela's (Dennis Chun) kidnapped granddaughter in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 8, episode 22, Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo: CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 8.22 promotional photo via SpoilerTV April 21, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

According to Hawaiian legends, Pele, goddess of fire and volcanoes and creator of the Hawaiian Islands, is credited with digging the Ko'olau Range's Alia pa'akai Crater and forming 'Āliamanu Salt Lake by filling one of the crater's two tuff cones with salt water: Mysteries Of Honolulu @MysteriesofHonolulu via Facebook July 15, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/MysteriesofHonolulu/photos/a.128904960466350/438988356124674/

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) and Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) aim for a safe recovery of Honolulu Police Department Sergeant Duke Lukela's (Dennis Chun) kidnapped granddaughter in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 8, episode 22, Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo: CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 8.22 promotional photo via SpoilerTV April 21, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episode-822-kopi-wale-no.html

For further information:

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Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7494565

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Available @ https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/41500/pearl-harbor-hawaii

"Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo: Though the Fish Is Well Salted, the Maggots Crawl." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Eighth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 27, 2018.

Maciolek, J.A. (John A.). 30 April 1982. "Lakes and Lake-like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago." Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, vol. XXV, no. 1: 1-14. Honolulu HI: Bishop Museum Press.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Mysteries Of Honolulu @MysteriesofHonolulu. 15 July 2012. "This picture is taken in Aliapa'akai or what has today become known as, 'Salt Lake' which is located in Moanalua. . . ." Facebook.
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Available @ http://totakeresponsibility.blogspot.com/2012/10/aliapaakai-salt-pond-salt-lake-moanalua.html

Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits

Summary: The April 2018 Arborist News article Biology and Identification of Fungi covers mushroom-forming and non-mushroom-forming fungal life cycle traits.

ISA Arborist News authors Balk, Abbott and Ali note basidiomycetes, which bear their four spores on a club (basidium), as generally mushroom-forming fungi and as typically encompassing rusts and wood decay fungi; basidiomycete fungi include the giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea); size comparison of giant puffball mushrooms with a human head; Darien, Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut; Oct. 4, 2016: Nowa, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Fungi, with mushroom-forming and non-mushroom-forming fungal life cycle traits from 100,000 of an estimated 5.1 million species accepted, afflict trees pathologically more than bacteria and viruses, according to Arborist News April 2018.

Co-authors Chelsi Abbot, A.D. Ali and Christine Balk, Davey Institute regional Technical Advisors, broach fungi as, like animals and plants, eukaryotic ("[one] true nut [nucleus]") organisms. They consider fungi closer to heterotrophic ("another [for] nourishment") humans, that cannot create their own consumables since they contain no chlorophyll, than to autotrophic ("self-nourishing") plants. They describe their benefiting Earth's ecosystems and landscapes by decomposing organic matter and drawing recycled "valuable nutrients back into the forest floor for plants to use."

Fungi exist symbiotically (mutually beneficially) as mycorrhizae ("fungi [extant on a plant's] root") by extracting carbohydrate-rich exudates in exchange for expanding absorptive surfaces of plant roots.

Mycorrhizal fungi fit onto plant roots a mycelium ("mushroom") of filament-like, fine, fuzzy, gray to white, long, nutrient- and space-seeking underground vegetative structures called hyphae ("webs").

Underground-grown hyphae gather among mushroom-forming and non-mushroom-forming fungal life cycle traits whereas fungi generate above-ground capped, gilled, stemmed, veiled mushrooms, "only when environmental conditions are right." Mushrooms, as reproductive parts along with acervuli, chasmothecia, cleistothecia, pycnidia and spores, hold spores in gills on cap undersides for initial spring and secondary summer infections. Optimal environments for mushrooms inundating above-ground surfaces include damp, "cool, shady locations with high humidity (e.g., under trees), and a food source (e.g., dead plant material)."

Woody fruiting-bodied conks perennially juggle above-ground mushrooms and below-ground hyphae despite improper environmental conditions even though incorrect light, moisture and temperature jeopardize other fungi's above-ground journeys.

Arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards know of non-mycorrhizal, parasitic, pathogenic ascomycetes (fungi [with] eight "sac-borne" spores) and basidiomycetes (fungi [with] four "club-borne" spores). Basidiomycetes such as rusts lead "complex life cycles that require more than one host" whereas ascomycetes such as the foliar disease apple scab lodge on one.

Mycologists (fungus specialists) move mushroom-forming and non-mushroom-forming fungal life cycle traits among family-specific overwintering patterns, reproduction capacities and spore types even though all maintain spore-dispersing stages. Fungal life cycles necessitate soil-borne, vectored, vegetative or wind-spread spore dispersals and directly infected plant cells through haustoria (armlike "drains") or indirectly colonized, wounded plant tissue.

Fungal life cycles obtain the penetrated/wounded host's nutrients through enzymes that obstruct resistance to direct and indirect colonizations and infections until environmental conditions optimize dispersal elsewhere.

Growth-unfriendly environmental obstacles promote energy-intensive, time-intensive sexual reproduction to pursue survivalist genetic adaptations and sustainable genetic modifications even as growth-friendly environments prompt asexually reproduced, fast-growing populations.

Asexual and sexual fungi queue species-specific bruisability; cap, gilled/non-gilled, non-pored/pored, non-toothed/toothed spore and non-skirted/skirted, non-veiled/veiled stem colors, shapes and surfaces; growing-season biogeographies; hosts; odors; and tastes. Magnifiers reveal mushroom-forming fungi even though leaf-pathogenic, non-mushroom-forming fungi's clear/colored, divided/non-divided, elliptical/round spores, divided/non-divided hyphae and spore-holding acervuli, chasmothecia, pycnidia require deoxyribonucleic analysis, magnifiers and microscopes. Arborist, master gardener, master naturalist and tree steward nature walks and laboratory analyses stress fruiting-bodied caps, spores and stems for mushroom-forming, and spores for non-mushroom-forming, fungi.

The Arborist News article Biology and Identification of Fungi takes arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards through mushroom-forming and non-mushroom-forming fungal life cycle traits.

Ascomycete fungi produce spores within elongated sac-shaped cells known as asci (Ancient Greek ἀσκός, askós, “a sac”); spores of Venturia inaequalis, an ascomycete fungus that causes apple scab, erupt through the cuticle of a crabapple (Malus spp.) leaf, in a 1500x magnification: Charles Krause/USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Public Domain, via U.S. Department of Agriculture

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

ISA Arborist News authors Balk, Abbott and Ali note basidiomycetes, which bear their four spores on a club (basidium), as generally mushroom-forming fungi and as typically encompassing rusts and wood decay fungi; basidiomycete fungi include the giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea); size comparison of giant puffball mushrooms with a human head; Darien, Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut; Oct. 4, 2016: Nowa, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Puffball_with_Head.jpg

Ascomycete fungi produce spores within elongated sac-shaped cells known as asci (Ancient Greek ἀσκός, askós, “a sac”) and mostly account for arboreal foliar diseases; spores of Venturia inaequalis, an ascomycete fungus that causes apple scab (Malus spp.), erupt through the cuticle of a crabapple leaf, in a 1500x magnification: Charles Krause/USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Public Domain, via U.S. Department of Agriculture @ https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/images/photos/dec00/k9209-1/

For further information:

Balk, Christine; Abbot, Chelsi; and Ali, A.D. April 2018. "Biology and Identification of Fungi." Arborist News 27(1): 12-16.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Grand Duchess Hilda Diamond Tiara Theft April 29, 2017, in Baden, Germany

Summary: The Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara theft April 29, 2017, leaves the Baden State Museum in Germany without €1.2 million ($1.31 million) in crown jewels.

Princess Hilda of Nassau, Grand Duchess of Baden's diamond tiara, photographed Aug. 29, 2015, in Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, was stolen from its locked cabinet in the throne room (Thronsaal) April 29, 2017; to left of tiara is court gown (train, Berlin 1856; dress, Baden ca. 1870/1880) worn by Princess Hilda's mother-in-law, Princess Louise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden: Gryffindor, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Whoever absconded with the Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara April 29, 2017, acted against public admiration of crown jewels allowed by the Badisches Landesmuseum ("Baden State Museum") staff in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The date of the burglary's discovery became the date of the crime's commission in the absence of physical evidence and surveillance footage at the crime scene. Whoever carried the Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara from its cabinet in the former ducal palace's first-floor throne room completed the crime without commotion or confrontations. Online descriptions in The Crown Jeweller article May 9, 2017, declare, without delivering details, that "all security measures in the museum were up to international standards."

Means, motives and opportunities elude investigators of the Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara extraction since no eyewitness testimony or physical, security or surveillance system evidence exists.

Schmidt-Staub, Pforzheim-based court jewelers, fit 367 diamonds onto the gold and platinum tiara of Hilda Charlotte Wilhelmine of Nassau (Nov. 5, 1864-Feb. 8, 1952) around 1906-1907.

The Baden State Museum director Eckart Köhne and the Baden-Württemberg criminal police gave an estimated value of €1.2 million ($1.31 million) to the 100-plus-year-old crown jewels. The Baden State Museum housed the Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara as part of historical collections in the Karlsruhe palace of the grand dukes of Baden. Baden State Museum director Eckart Köhne indicated May 8, 2017, "The diadem is a significant piece of the history of Baden and invaluable to the Museum."

A locked case, not anti-monarchism Nov. 22, 1918, and world wars July 28, 1914-Nov. 11, 1918 and Sept. 1, 1939-Sept. 2, 1945, jeopardized the tiara's safety.

Baden's last sovereign grand duchess knew her birth title as daughter of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Nassau (July 24, 1817-Feb. 17, 1905).

Princess Hilda of Nassau lived in Karlsruhe Palace as Grand Duchess Hilda von Baden after marrying Sep. 20, 1885, Frederick II (July 9, 1857-Aug. 9, 1988). She made as the Baden tiara's last public wearing the 80th birthday of her husband's brother-in-law, King Gustav V of Sweden (June 16, 1858-Oct. 29, 1950). The tiara last nestled publicly atop Princess Editha (Sept. 16, 1924-May 4, 2013) during her marriage to first husband Tito Brunetti (Dec. 18, 1905-July 13, 1954).

Editha obtained the tiara as daughter of Rupprecht (May 18, 1869-Aug. 2, 1955) and Antonia (Oct. 7, 1899-July 31, 1954), Crown Prince and Princess of Bavaria.

Princess Editha produced the tiara when Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria (Dec. 6, 1918-Aug. 6, 2004) married Helen, Countess of Toerring-Jettenbach (May 20, 1937-Jan. 11, 1955).

The religious ceremony April 10, 1956, qualified as transition from family wear to non-family display, with Rika Zaraï's and Badisches Landesmuseum's purchases in 1973 and 1984. Annexation by the Kingdom of Prussia Sep. 20, 1866, and German anti-monarchism respectively redefined Grand Duchess Hilda's father's and husband's relationship to Luxembourg and to Baden. The last sovereign Grand Duchess and Grand Duke von Baden stayed in the Karlsruhe ducal palace until 1918 and selected Mainau as their last permanent residence.

Who took the gold and platinum-set Grand Duchess Hilda diamond tiara with its 11 diamond drops, one-circle upper and three-circle lower designs and two-rowed diamond garlands?

undated official photograph of Princess Hilda of Nassau, Grand Duchess of Baden, with tiara: Gebrüder Hirsh, Hofphotographen ("court photographer), Karlsruhe, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Princess Hilda of Nassau, Grand Duchess of Baden's diamond tiara, photographed Aug. 29, 2015, in Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe, was stolen from its locked cabinet April 29, 2017; to left of tiara is court gown (train, Berlin 1856; dress, Baden ca. 1870/1880) worn by Princess Hilda's mother-in-law, Princess Louise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden: Gryffindor, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diadem_Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Hilda_von_Baden_(1).JPG?uselang=de

undated official photograph of Princess Hilda of Nassau, Grand Duchess of Baden, with tiara: Gebrüder Hirsh, Hofphotographen ("court photographer), Karlsruhe, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Duchess_Hilda_of_Baden.jpg

For further information:

Associated Press. 8 May 2017. "Tiara Worth $1.3M Adorned with 367 Diamonds Stolen from German Museum." Daily News > News > World.
Available @ http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/tiara-adorned-367-diamonds-stolen-german-museum-article-1.3147411

Beeche, Arturo. 5 May 2013. "+ Princess Editha of Bavaria (1924-2013)." Eurohistory.com.
Available @ http://erhj.blogspot.com/2013/05/princess-editha-of-bavaria-1924-2013.html

"Brillant-Diadem aus dem Schatze des Bayrischen Königshauses und dem Großherzoglichen Hauses Baden." Royal Magazine.
Available @ https://royal-magazin.de/german/baden/empire-tiara-hilda-baden.htm

Elbaor, Carolne. 9 May 2017. "A Diamond-Ecrusted Tiara worth $1.3 Million Was Stolen from a German Museum." Artnet > News > Art World.
Available @ https://news.artnet.com/art-world/diamond-encrusted-tiara-stolen-german-museum-953738

"Grand Duchess Hilda of Baden's Diamond Kokoshnik Tiara." Tiara Mania > May 22, 2017.
Available @ http://www.tiara-mania.com/2017/05/hilda-baden-diamond-tiara.html

"Grand Duchess Hilda's Tiara Stolen." The Court Jeweller > 9 May 2017.
Available @ http://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2017/05/grand-duchess-hildas-tiara-stolen.html

Katz, Brigit. 11 May 2017. "Ornate Tiara, Once Worn by a Grand Duchess, Stolen from German Museum." Smithsonian > SmartNews.
Available @ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ornate-tiara-once-worn-grand-duchess-stolen-german-museum-180963249/

"Luxarazzi 101: Grand Duchess Hilda's Diamond Tiara." Luxarazzi > 8 May 2017.
Available @ http://www.luxarazzi.com/2017/05/luxarazzi-101-grand-duchess-hildas.html

Scarisbrick, Diana. 2000. Tiara. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.

Smithfield, Brad. 14 May 2017. "The Duchess of Baden's $1,3M Diamond Tiara Has Been Stolen from a German Museum." The Vintage News.
Available @ https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/05/14/the-duchess-of-badens-13m-diamond-tiara-has-been-stolen-from-a-german-museum/